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Many believe that the black population declined due to systematic efforts to reduce the black population in Argentina in order to mirror the racially homogeneous countries of Europe. Traditionally it has been argued that the black population in Argentina declined since the early 19th century to insignificance. South America Argentina Īccording to the Argentina national census of the year 2010, the total Argentine population is 40,117,096, from which 149,493 are of African ancestry. In Latin America this happened extensively between all ethnic groups and cultures, but usually involved European men and indigenous and African women.Īfro–Latin Americans have limited media appearance critics have accused the Latin American media of overlooking the African, indigenous and multiracial populations in favor of over-representation of often blond and blue/ green-eyed white Latin Americans as they share features of typical Southern Europeans with some mestizo features to create a more distinct look often seen in popular telenovelas. The term mestizaje refers to the intermixing or fusing of ethnicities, whether by mere custom or deliberate policy. Terms used within Latin America used in reference to African heritage include mulato (African – white mixture), zambo/chino (indigenous – African mixture) and pardo (African – native – white mixture) and mestizo, which refers to an indigenous – European mixture in all cases except for in Venezuela, where it is used in place of "pardo".
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This is in contrast to countries like Brazil and Colombia that lay out the constitutional rights of their African-descendant population.ġ8th-century painting showing a family of free blacks Racial and ethnic distinctions The mix of these African cultures with the Spanish, Portuguese, French, and indigenous cultures of Latin America has produced many unique forms of language (e.g., Palenquero, Garífuna, and Creole), religions (e.g., Candomblé, Santería, and Vodou), music (e.g., kompa, salsa, Bachata, Punta, Palo de Mayo, plena, samba, merengue, cumbia) martial arts ( capoeira) and dance ( rumba, merengue).Īs of 2015, Mexico and Chile are the only two Latin American countries yet to formally recognize their Afro–Latin American population in their constitutions. Marabou is a term of Haitian origin denoting a Haitian of multiracial ethnicity.
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Traditional terms for Afro–Latin Americans with their own developed culture include garífuna (in Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, and Belize), cafuzo (in Brazil) and zambo in the Andes and Central America.
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Ĭountries with significant African, Mulatto, or Zambo populations today include Brazil (54 million, if including the pardo Brazilian population with Mulatto phenotype), Haiti (8.7 million), Dominican Republic (8.5 million), Cuba (7 million), Colombia (5 million), Venezuela (4 million) and Ecuador (1.1 million). They were also employed in mapping and exploration (for example, Estevanico) and were even involved in conquest (for example, Juan Valiente.) The Caribbean and South America received 95 percent of the Africans arriving in the Americas with only 5 percent going to Northern America. Those who were directly from West Africa mostly arrived in Latin America as part of the Atlantic slave trade, as agricultural, domestic, and menial laborers and as mineworkers. Pedro Alonso Niño, traditionally considered the first of many New World explorers of African descent, was a navigator in the 1492 Columbus expedition. A notable example of the latter was the black conquistador Juan Garrido, who introduced wheat to Mexico. In the 15th and 16th centuries, many people of African origin were brought to the Americas by the Spanish and Portuguese, while some arrived as part of exploratory groups. 8 Afro-Latino populations in the Americas.4.3.1 African contribution to the genetic composition of Brazilians.
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The accuracy of statistics reporting on Afro–Latin Americans has been questioned, especially where they are derived from census reports in which the subjects choose their own designation, because in various countries the concept of African ancestry is viewed with differing attitudes.
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Latin Americans of African ancestry may also be denoted by the prefix Afro- plus a specific nationality, : 3–4 such as Afro-Brazilian, Afro-Cuban or Afro-Haitian. Normally Afro–Latin Americans are called Black ( Spanish: negro Portuguese: negro or preto French: noir). The term Afro–Latin American is not widely used in Latin America outside academic circles.
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Portuguese, Spanish, French, English and several creolesĪfro-American religions, Christianity (mainly Roman Catholicism, with a minority of Protestants) or irreligiousĪfricans, Afro-American peoples of the Americas, Black Latino Americans, Afro-CaribbeansĪfro–Latin Americans or Black Latin Americans (sometimes Afro-Latinos or Afro-Latinx), are Latin Americans of full or mainly African ancestry.